ASTM D4012-1981(2009) 水中微生物的三磷酸腺甙含量的标准试验方法
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【英文标准名称】:StandardTestMethodforAdenosineTriphosphate(ATP)ContentofMicroorganismsinWater
【原文标准名称】:水中微生物的三磷酸腺甙含量的标准试验方法
【标准号】:ASTMD4012-1981(2009)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:1981
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:D19.24
【标准类型】:(TestMethod)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:Adenosinetriphosphate(ATP)content;ATPfireflymethod;Biomass;Filters/filterprocedures--watertesting;Microorganisms;Opticalmaterials/properties/tests--water;Organiccompounds--water;Pathogens--water;Photoluminescence;Sludge;Toxicity/toxicol
【摘要】:Arapidandroutineprocedurefordeterminingbiomassofthelivingmicroorganismsincultures,waters,wastewaters,andinplanktonandperiphytonsamplestakenfromsurfacewatersisfrequentlyofvitalimportance.However,classicaltechniquessuchasdirectmicroscopecounts,turbidity,organicchemicalanalyses,celltagging,andplatecountsareexpensive,time-consuming,ortendtounderestimatetotalnumbers.Inaddition,someofthesemethodsdonotdistinguishbetweenlivingandnonlivingcells.TheATPfirefly(luciferin-luciferase)methodisarapid,sensitivedeterminationofviablemicrobialbiomass.ATPistheprimaryenergydonorforlifeprocesses,doesnotexistinassociationwithnonlivingdetritalmaterial,andtheamountofATPperunitofbiomass(expressedinweight)isrelativelyconstant.(ATPpercellvarieswithspeciesandphysiologicalstateoftheorganism.)Thistestmethodcanbeusedto:Estimateviablemicrobialbiomassincultures,waters,andwastewaters.Estimatetheamountoftotalviablebiomassinplanktonandperiphytonsamples.EstimatethenumberofviablecellsinaunispeciescultureiftheATPcontent(oriftheaverageamountofATP)percellisknown.Estimateanddifferentiatebetweenzooplanktonic,phytoplanktonic,bacterial,andfungalATPthroughsizefractionationofwater,andwastewatersamples.Measurethemortalityrateofmicroorganismsintoxicitytestsinentrainmentstudies,andinothersituationswherepopulationsorassemblagesofmicroorganismsareplacedunderstress.1.1Thistestmethodcoversthemeasurementofadenosinetriphosphate(ATP)inmicroorganismsinconcentrationsnormallyfoundinlaboratorycultures,waters,wastewaters,andinplanktonandperiphytonsamplesfromwaters.1.2KnowledgeoftheconcentrationofATPcanberelatedtoviablebiomassormetabolicactivity,orbyutilizinganaverageconcentration(oramount)ofATPpercell,anestimatedcountofmicroorganismscanbeobtainedinthecaseofunispeciescultures.1.3Thistestmethodoffersahighdegreeofsensitivity,rapidity,accuracy,andreproducibility.However,extremecaremustbetakenateachstepintheanalysistoensuremeaningfulandreliableresults.1.4Theanalystshouldbeawarethattheprecisionstatementpertainsonlytodeterminationsinreagentwaterandnotnecessarilyinthematrixbeingtested.1.5ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasstandard.Nootherunitsofmeasurementareincludedinthisstandard.1.6Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappropriatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplicabilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.
【中国标准分类号】:Z16
【国际标准分类号】:13_060_50
【页数】:4P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语
【英文标准名称】:Ambientair-Determinationofasbestosfibres-Indirect-transfertransmissionelectronmicroscopymethod
【原文标准名称】:环境空气石棉纤维的测定间接传递电子显微镜法
【标准号】:ISO13794-1999
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:国际
【发布日期】:1999-07
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:国际标准化组织(ISO)
【起草单位】:ISO/TC146
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:石棉粉;定义;定义;含量测定;石棉;环境空气;显微分析;空气污染;空气质量
【英文主题词】:Airpollution;Airquality;Ambientair;Asbestos;Asbestosdust;Definition;Definitions;Determinationofcontent;Microscopicanalysis
【摘要】:1SubstancedeterminedThisInternationalStandardspecifiesareferencemethodusingtransmissionelectronmicroscopy(TEM)fordeterminationoftheconcentrationofasbestosstructuresinambientatmospheres.Thespecimenpreparationprocedureincorporatesashinganddispersionofthecollectedpaniculate,sothatallasbestosismeasured,includingtheasbestosoriginallyincorporatedinparticleaggregatesorparticlesofcompositematerials.Thelengths,widthsandaspectratiosoftheasbestosfibresandbundlesaremeasured,andthese,togetherwiththedensityofthetypeofasbestos,alsoallowthetotalmassconcentrationofairborneasbestostobecalculated.Themethodallowsdeterminationofthetype(s)ofasbestosfibrepresent.Themethodcannotdiscriminatebetweenindividualfibresoftheasbestosandnon-asbestosanaloguesofthesameamphibolemineral.2TypeofsampleThemethodisdefinedforpolycarbonatecapillary-porefiltersorcelluloseester(eithermixedestersofcelluloseorcellulosenitrate)filtersthroughwhichaknownvolumeofairhasbeendrawn.Themethodissuitablefordeterminationofasbestosinbothexteriorandbuildingatmospheres.3RangeTheupperlimitfortherangeofconcentrationthatcanbemeasuredontheanalyticalfilteris7000structures/mm.Thelowerlimitoftherangethatcanbemeasuredontheanalyticalfiltercorrespondstodetectionof2,99structuresintheareaofspecimenexamined.Theairconcentrationsrepresentedbythesevaluesareafunctionofthevolumeofairsampledandthedegreeofdilutionorconcentrationselectedduringthespecimenpreparationprocedures.Themethodisparticularlyapplicableformeasurementsinareaswithhighsuspended-particulateconcentrations(exceeding10μg/m),orwheredetectionandidentificationofasbestosfibresarelikelytobepreventedorhinderedbyothertypesofparticulateindirect-transferTEMpreparations.Intheory,thereisnolowerlimittothedimensionsofasbestosfibreswhichcanbedetected.Inpractice,microscopistsvaryintheirabilitytodetectverysmallasbestosfibres.Therefore,aminimumlengthof0,5μmhasbeendefinedastheshortestfibretobeincorporatedinthereportedresults.4LimitofdetectionThelimitofdetectiontheoreticallycanbeloweredindefinitelybyfiltrationofprogressivelylargervolumesofair,concentratingthesampleduringspecimenpreparation,andbyextendingtheexaminationofthespecimensintheelectronmicroscope.Inpractice,thelowestachievablelimitofdetectionforaparticularareaofTEMspecimenexaminediscontrolledbythetotalsuspendedparticulateconcentrationremainingaftertheashingandaqueousdispersalsteps,andthisdependsonthechemicalnatureofthesuspendedparticulate.Fortotalsuspendedparticulateconcentrationsofapproximately10μg/m,correspondingtoclean,ruralatmospheres,andassumingfiltrationof4000litresofair,ananalyticalsensitivityof0,5structure/litrecanbeobtained,equivalenttoalimitofdetectionof1,8structures/litre,ifanareaof0,195mmoftheTEMspecimensisexamined.LowerlimitsofdetectioncanbeachievedbyincreasingtheareaoftheTEMspecimenthatisexamined,orbyconcentrationofthesampleduringspecimenpreparation.Inordertoachievelowerlimitsofdetectionforfibresandbundleslongerthan5μm,andforPCM-equivalentfibres,lowermagnificationsarespecifiedwhichpermitmorerapidexaminationoflargerareasoftheTEMspecimenswhentheexaminationislimitedtothesedimensionsoffibre.
【中国标准分类号】:Z15
【国际标准分类号】:13_040_20
【页数】:64P;A4
【正文语种】:英语
【英文标准名称】:StandardTestMethodforFreeze-ThawStabilityofMulticolorLacquers
【原文标准名称】:彩色喷漆冻结-熔化稳定性标准试验方法
【标准号】:ASTMD2337-2001
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2001
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(ASTM)
【起草单位】:ASTM
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:涂料;清漆;试验
【英文主题词】:paints;testing;varnishes
【摘要】:
【中国标准分类号】:G51
【国际标准分类号】:87_040
【页数】:2P;A4
【正文语种】:英语